The thing that springs to the front of my mind is that you got a bad battery. As Logixal commented, it is not unheard of to get a new battery that is faulty and as the battery and screen are the only variables that should have changed (and the screen shouldn’t affect charging) that pretty much leaves just the battery.
It is technically possible that the charging circuitry may have been damaged (static discharge or physical damage) but it is unlikely to me. Typically when I see charge circuit issues I will see issues getting the phone to power on or recognize it is charging, but it will typically still show a proper battery percentage.